（A） It is true that it is against the police department's policy to negotiate with kidnappers. But if the police want to prevent loss of life, they must negotiate in some cases.
（B） It is true that it is illegal to refuse to register for military service. But there is a long tradition in the United States of conscientious objection to serving in the armed forces.
（C） It is true that it is illegal for a government official to participate in a transaction in which there is an apparent conflict of interest. But if the facts are examined carefully, it will clearly be seen that there was no actual conflict of interest in the defendant's case.
（D） It is true that it is against the law to burglarize people's homes. But someone else certainly would have burglarized that house if the defendant had not done so first.
（E） It is true that company policy forbids supervisors to fire employees without two written warnings. But there have been many supervisors who have disobeyed this policy.
7.In recent years many cabinetmakers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since furniture must be useful, cabinetmakers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, cabinetmaking is not art.Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given for that conclusion?
（A） Some furniture is made to be placed in museums, where it will not be used by anyone.
（B） Some cabinetmakers are more concerned than others with the practical utility of the products they produce.
（C） Cabinetmakers should be more concerned with the practical utility of their products than they currently are.
（D） An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the object's practical utility.
（E） Artists are not concerned with the monetary value of their products.
8.Although custom prosthetic bone replacements produced through a new computer-aided design process will cost more than twice as much as ordinary replacements, custom replacements should still be cost-effective. Not only will surgery and recovery time be reduced, but custom replacements should last longer, thereby reducing the need for further hospital stays.Which of the following must be studied in order to evaluate the argument presented above?
（A） The amount of time a patient spends in surgery versus the amount of time spent recovering from surgery
（B） The amount by which the cost of producing custom replacements has declined with the introduction of the new technique for producing them
（C） The degree to which the use of custom replacements is likely to reduce the need for repeat surgery when compared with the use of ordinary replacements
（D） The degree to which custom replacements produced with the new technique are more carefully manufactured than are ordinary replacements
（E） The amount by which custom replacements produced with the new technique will drop in cost as the production procedures become standardized and applicable on a larger scale
9.Extinction is a process that can depend on a variety of ecological, geographical, and physiological variables. These variables affect different species of organisms in different ways, and should, therefore, yield a random pattern of extinctions. However, the fossil record shows that extinction occurs in a surprisingly definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the same time.Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at least a partial explanation of the patterned extinctions revealed by the fossil record?
（A） Major episodes of extinction can result from widespread environmental disturbances that affect numerous different species.
（B） Certain extinction episodes selectively affect organisms with particular sets of characteristics unique to their species.
（C） Some species become extinct because of accumulated gradual changes in their local environments.
（D） In geologically recent times, for which there is no fossil record, human intervention has changed the pattern of extinctions.
（E） Species that are widely dispersed are the least likely to become extinct.
10.Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a country's ability to be competitive is its ability to
（A） balance its trade while its standard of living rises
（B） balance its trade while its standard of living falls
（C） increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises
（D） decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls
（E） keep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise
